What is Macular Degeneration?

Macular degeneration is a progressive eye condition that affects central vision, making everyday activities like reading and recognizing faces more challenging. It develops in two forms—dry and wet—each impacting vision differently.

While dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progresses gradually over time, wet AMD tends to cause more sudden and severe vision changes. Understanding the differences between these two types, along with their symptoms, can help individuals recognize early warning signs and seek appropriate care.

Dry AMD

Dry AMD is the more common form and occurs when the macula, the central part of the retina, gradually thins with age. Small yellow deposits called drusen may accumulate, contributing to a slow decline in central vision. The progression of dry AMD happens in stages:
Early stage: Often no noticeable symptoms, but changes in the retina may be present.
Intermediate stage: Mild central vision blurriness or difficulty adjusting to low light.
Late stage: Significant vision impairment, making it harder to see details clearly.

Wet AMD

Wet AMD is less common but more aggressive. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing swelling and damage to the macula. This can lead to sudden distortions in vision, such as straight lines appearing wavy or colors looking less vivid. If left unaddressed, wet AMD can progress rapidly, increasing the risk of severe vision loss.

Recognizing symptoms of macular degeneration

Macular degeneration symptoms can be subtle at first, but over time, they may include:

• Blurry or distorted central vision – Objects may appear less sharp, and reading may become difficult.
• Difficulty adapting to low light – Seeing in dimly lit environments can become challenging.
• Colors appearing dull or washed out – A noticeable change in color perception.
• Dark or blank spots in central vision – A growing blind spot may develop over time.
• Straight lines appearing wavy or crooked – A key sign of wet AMD that requires immediate attention.

Since early symptoms can be mild, regular eye exams are crucial for detecting changes before they significantly impact vision.

How AMD symptoms progress

Macular degeneration does not cause total blindness but significantly affects central vision, making tasks like driving or recognizing faces more difficult. The rate of progression varies, with dry AMD typically advancing over several years, while wet AMD can cause more sudden vision loss. In some cases, dry AMD may develop into wet AMD, leading to more rapid changes and requiring immediate medical attention.

Daily self-monitoring using tools like an Amsler grid can help track visual changes, though professional evaluations remain essential. Making lifestyle adjustments, such as using brighter lighting and magnification tools, may also help individuals adapt to vision changes over time.

Seeing the signs

Early detection plays a key role in managing AMD. Regular eye exams help identify changes before vision loss becomes significant. If you notice any sudden vision changes or increasing difficulty with daily activities, consulting an eye care professional is an important step in preserving visual quality. With timely intervention, individuals with AMD can explore options that may help slow progression and maintain independence.